Also, I would have continued to recruit other teachers to help with the projects by allowing students to work on the projects in their classrooms. Copyright © 2018 Peng Yan et al. Online group projects also benefit the individual immensely by exposing them to unique perspectives and teaching them to rely on others to achieve a common goal. The Project suite of products has always come at an additional cost, and for smaller projects the cost isn’t always able to be justified. This group reflects the important role of cooperation and sharing thoughts between group members in improving the quality of the group’s bidding decisions. Aznar et al. A. Olatunji, O. I. Aje, and S. Makanjuola, “Bid or no-bid decision factors of indigenous contractors in Nigeria,”, I. Ahmad and I. Minkarah, “Questionnaire survey on bidding in construction,”, A. Lou Niles II Project Coordinator / Senior Sustainability Specialist LPA, Inc. LEEDuser Premium Member 11 thumbs up. because they had a positive or negative experience at some point. I inform students about the general characteristics of the project, how it will be different than other projects they completed, and that they can do the project individually or as a group. Select either Task or Resource to specify in which list of groups you want the new group to be included. 2h per week are dedicated to the project in the schedule. Risk perception can generally be defined as the decision-maker’s assessment of the risk inherent in a situation [30] and plays a prominent role in the decisions people make [31]. During the first weeks, I tell students that they will be doing a big project called National History Day, and this project will take most of the year. There were also deadlines students needed to meet and the spreadsheet helped me keep track of them. Of these, Denison’s organizational culture model (DOCM) is well recognized for analyzing organizational culture and has been widely applied in the construction sector [1, 45, 47]. Hence, the data are appropriate for EFA. Click on the photo to learn more about introducing a social studies classroom. This content was COPIED from BrainMass.com - View the original, and get the already-completed solution here! However, the performance of the group will also decrease if the group size increases continually [75], because extremely large group size increases the probability of generating disagreements and the time to reach a consensus. This has made the division of work more efficient thus accomplishing the task was much easier and faster. The interviewees were asked to comment on whether the provisional factors listed covered all possible factors, considering the context of Chinese contractors venturing into overseas markets, whether any factors could be added, deleted, or modified. Moreover, 20 factors can be classified into five groupings: (1) values and strategic goals, (2) collaboration and learning orientation, (3) consensus reaching, (4) risk awareness, and (5) empowerment and development, with risk awareness having an especially strong influence. Applying this principle here, the factors with mean scores closer to the maximum mean of all factors are regarded as critical factors. Secondly, “mission” considers the extent to which organizations have a mission that informs employees why they are doing the work they do and how the work they do each day contributes to why they are doing it. From working in group projects, I have been able to experience the different ways people think and brainstorm. Resources for Teaching and Learning History. Understanding whether a culture places more emphasis on the individual or the group will help you maximise doing business in that country. The authors declare no conflicts of interest. Also, I told the students that if they really had an idea they wanted to pursue, but no one else wanted to, then it was alright for them to work individually. Sign up here as a reviewer to help fast-track new submissions. Organizations frequently require decisions to be made by a group of individuals [35], as the group consensus is expected to provide decisions of a higher quality [36]. It is noteworthy that all three factors in this grouping are ranked among the top four influencing factors, indicating it plays a key role in the process of group bidding decisions. In addition, the application of appropriate decision rules is also necessary during the group bidding decision process. In the story about sinking or sailing in a ship, I would mix in some personal classroom stories to highlight why picking partners wisely is beneficial. These writings have focused primarily on methods for the short-term resource allocation. To allow students to work in a group, or to have them do it solo; that is the question. This document describes the format for your individual project final written report (Part 1) and the grading criteria. This was a good way to improve our knowledge, presentation skills and learn from each other, since every one has a different skill set and ideas to implement. In addition, the factors can be assigned into five groupings: (1) values and strategic goals, (2) collaboration and learning orientation, (3) consensus reaching, (4) risk awareness, and (5) empowerment and development. Your email address will not be published. You share struggles and successes with your peers – and … A pilot study was carried out with 10 middle or senior managers from different enterprises to check the relevance of the questions and to identify any ambiguities in the wording of the questions. What is a sensible choice of group Id for a maven project that does not fall under any company/organisation/website? The final set of factors is summarized in Table 1. 2) The programme can balance the resources across the programme. Thus, this factor is less important, which is confirmed by the general comments during the interviews. The early groundwork that the students and I did was beneficial, but it was necessary to do more. Design. This grouping reflects the influences of consistent values and clearly defined strategic objectives of the company for the bidding group’s decision-making process. Hence, the interaction and communication between group members can have a significant influence on the decision process as well as on the group’s final decision. People prefer different approaches on how the work is organized. These folks typically enjoy working in groups. In stage 1, the research searched for articles relating to factors belonging to the individual, group, or organizational level that influence bidding decision-making in the CM field. This study identifies and analyzes the factors that influence group bidding decision-making for construction projects. The KMO value is 0.826, indicating a high degree of common variance among factors. Therefore, it can be concluded that the team should have broad perspectives on risk and agreement on the risk decision. In the project environment, a team implies a number of people working together to achieve a common goal, while a group of people implies a collection of individuals who, although they might be working on the same project, do not necessarily interact with each other. May 19, 2014. I created an online spreadsheet that helped keep all of the group work organized. This simple questionnaire asked students to reflect on their choices of group members and how those partners were going to contribute to the project. Due to the difficulty in developing a sampling frame, the nonprobability sampling technique was adopted, which is considered appropriate when respondents are selected based on their willingness to participate in the survey rather than random selection [65]. For example, Olatunji et al. In particular, the Chinese government’s recent “One Belt One Road” (OBOR) initiative has a primary aim of improving the connectivity between countries along the OBOR trade corridors. Risk preference, on the other hand, describes what one does when faced with a risky option and a safer alternative and is an important predictor of behavior under risk [32, 33]. The construction industry is a highly uncertain industry [1, 2] where decision-making under risk is common [3, 4]. He and R. H. Huang, “Risk attributes theory: decision making under risk,”, J. Wang and H. Yuan, “Factors affecting contractors’ risk attitudes in construction projects: case study from China,”, A. M. Jarkas, S. A. Mubarak, and C. Y. Kadri, “Critical factors determining bid/no bid decisions of contractors in Qatar,”, B. Aznar, E. Pellicer, S. Davis, and P. Ballesteros-Pérez, “Factors affecting contractor's bidding success for international infrastructure projects in Australia,”, A. S. Bageis and C. Fortune, “Factors affecting the bid/no bid decision in the Saudi Arabian construction contractors,”, M. S. El-Mashaleh, “Empirical framework for making the bid/no-bid decision,”, A. Leśniak and E. Plebankiewicz, “Modeling the decision-making process concerning participation in construction bidding,”, B. L. Oo, H. P. Lo, and B. T. H. Lim, “The effect of bidding success in construction bidding,”, L. García-González, A. Moreno, A. Gil, M. P. Moreno, and F. D. Villar, “Effects of decision training on decision making and performance in young tennis players: an applied research,”, J. Y. Liu, P. E. Josephson, and S. Rong, “Practices in bidding process of contractors: a comparative study between China and Sweden,” in, P. R. Laughlin, “Social choice theory, social decision scheme theory, and group decision-making,”, A. R. Dennis, J. S. Valacich, and J. F. Nunamaker, “An experimental investigation of the effects of group size in an electronic meeting environment,”, K. L. Harris and R. Nibler, “Decision making by Chinese and US students,”, K. F. Milch, E. U. Weber, K. C. Appelt, M. J. J. Handgraaf, and D. H. Krantz, “From individual preference construction to group decisions: framing effects and group processes,”, F. S. T. Velden, B. Beersma, and C. K. De Dreu, “Majority and minority influence in group negotiation: the moderating effects of social motivation and decision rules,”, D. Chua and D. Li, “Key factors in bid reasoning model,”, M. Egemen and A. N. Mohamed, “A framework for contractors to reach strategically correct bid/no bid and mark-up size decisions,”, J.-S. Hwang and Y.-S. Kim, “A bid decision-making model in the initial bidding phase for overseas construction projects,”, O. About 1/3 of my students would compete individually, the other 2/3 formed groups between two to five students. This grouping reflects the individual as well as the group process when making a decision under risk. Your email address will not be published. Properly structured, group projects can reinforce skills that are relevant to both group and individual work, including the ability to: Break complex tasks into parts and steps; Plan and manage time; Refine understanding through discussion and explanation; Give and receive feedback on performance; Challenge assumptions; Develop stronger communication skills. 14 of the 20 factors have normalized values greater than 0.50 and are therefore deemed critical (Table 3). Campus vs Group vs individual buildings. During the make and break module, students test a beam until destruction. The main reason to this result may be that the preferred project type and location are relatively steady, and that little attention is paid to increase capabilities to adapt to external change. Our main aim in report was to present a marketing plan and stratagem to re-launch an artifact which is presently being sold in UK restaurant. The company’s strategic goals are an important trait that determines the bidding group’s risk-taking behavior, and the group’s bidding decision needs to coincide these. Recent work by Jarkas et al. In this context, the interviews revealed that most of Chinese construction companies’ strategic goals include actively taking part in this initiative and developing markets in countries along the route. Organizational culture shapes its members ways of behaviors and decisions [1, 45], and previous research also has demonstrated that it has an significant impact on team decisions [46]. The key element differentiating group decision-making from individual decision-making is information exchange between group members [54, 74]. A powerful majority is also significant in driving the consensus of the group. U.S. FDA Resources. Each interviewee’s company used group bidding decision-making, and each interviewee had experience of the decision-making processes involved. In the field of psychology, social decision scheme (SDS) theory [37] is often viewed as the foundation of group decision-making, where the SDS is a rule or procedure that enables decision-making to be made where risk and influential factors are involved. Click New. Compared to individual bidding decision-making, a group of several individuals with different experiences and expertise are able to communicate with each other to reduce the decision deviation [11, 12]. This one rule helped create diverse groups that produced original work. Teamwork vs Individual Work – Which is Better? It also reflects the importance of the learning process when making decisions in highly uncertain conditions. The Bartlett test of sphericity result is 412.003, with 0.000 significance, indicating that the population correlation matrix is not an identity matrix. Few studies have investigated the factors affecting group bidding decision-making systematically, and none has addressed the real world of bidding for construction projects. In the interviews, although the interviewees emphasized the importance of discussion, cooperation, and compromise, the results clearly show that the foundation of all these is the essence of bidding is a decision-making issue under risk. Here are a few ways to create interdependence: Factors identified from the literature review and interviews. Overall, I had some surprising students work individually, and then other groups form from students who did not really know one another until they started the project. This contains strategic direction and intent, goals and objectives, and vision. There are two main steps involved when people face decision problems under risk: understanding the problem and making a choice. (4)Contract-related factors: contract type, conditions and duration, payment scheme, the quality level of tender documents, value of liquidated damages, size and validity of security bonds, and insurance premium required. The project itself is described in the actual assignment posted on the course Web site. Case 1 . You'll land on a page with the Project and Client name, front and center. Required fields are marked *, Become a History Forge subscriber to receive free resources, To allow students to work in a group, or to have them do it solo; that is the question. Of all the risks involved, the decision to bid or not to bid for construction projects is a primary task and critical for project success, as well as a crucial strategic decision affecting contractors’ survival and prosperity in the industry [5]. [2], who determined critical factors to be those with normalized values equal to or greater than 0.50. MedlinePlus related topics: Suicide. Initially, therefore, the factors were identified from three-organizational levels (individual, group, and organization) and, after a relationship analysis, they were categorized into five channels. The ratio of the sample size to the number of factors is 10.15, which is higher than the ratio of 5.00 recommended by Gorsuch [71]. For example, Bagies and Fortune [26] built a comprehensive list of bidding factors comprising 10 categories: (1) project characteristics, (2) business benefits, (3) client characteristics, (4) the contract, (5) project finance, (6) percentage of insurance premium, (7) firms’ previous experience, (8) the bidding situation, (9) the economic situation, and (10) competition. The difference in the number of group members also has an effect on the way they come to an agreement [40], while communication is the medium for group interaction and can be viewed as constitutive of group decisions [15], with different kinds of communication contributing to different outcomes [41]. We’ve all been there. Manage Project Web App permissions (Project Server permission mode) 11/27/2017; 2 minutes to read; s; e; d; In this article. Exploratory factor analysis (EFA) can identify a relative small set of underlying factors’ groupings that can be used to analyze correlations among a large set of interdependent variables. Honestly, like most educational strategies, what you do depends on the students, curriculum, the teacher, the school, and the overarching goals of the classroom. The group member with higher risk perception would more likely to bid low-risk projects, The group member who is more risk seeking would more likely to bid high-risk projects, Most of the group members prefer to make a bid decision that could meet their personal interest (e.g., profits and future development), The size of bidding group will affect the time of reaching consensus, and it also plays a role in the decision quality, A majority of group members often hold the power and impose their opinions on the minority during the decision-making process, The group’s ability of identification and utilizing of expertise of its members is vital to the decision-making performance, The efficient communication among group members will promote the information flow and improve the decision quality, The group’s preference determined by previous bidding experiences will impact its bidding decisions in the future, Learning orientation decreases the possibility of making wrong bidding decisions in the future, The degree of willingness of serving clients’ needs has an effect on the group’s biding decisions, The ability of adopting improved and new ways in the work impacts the group’s bidding decisions, Internalized values guide organization members’ behaviors and thus influence the group’s bidding decisions, The ability to reach agreement on difficult issues is critical to the group bidding decision performance, The degree of group members from different units working together for a common goal significantly influences the decision-making process, A clear view on the state in the future will encourage group members to take risk during the bidding decision, If clear goals are provided for group members, then the bidding group is more likely to make reasonable decisions, A clear view on long-team purpose and direction prevents group members to underestimate real risks of the current project, Group members which come from an empowered organization are willing to share their knowledge during the decision-making process, The degree of the organization emphasizing the importance of teamwork influences bidding groups’ cohesion and decision performance, The degree of the organization emphasizing the investigation of employee development influences bidding group members’ competitions and decision performances, W. W. Low, H. Abdul-Rahman, and N. Zakaria, “The impact of organizational culture on international bidding decisions: Malaysia context,”, X. Zhao, B.-G. Hwang, S. Pheng Low, and P. Wu, “Reducing hindrances to enterprise risk management implementation in construction firms,”, Y. These temporary groups is vital for achieving high decision performance information sharing system, which have! And, when possible, individual Report Sample for group project summarized in Table 2, not the! In which group members [ 27 ] online spreadsheet that helped keep all of the 20 factors have values... Division of work more efficient thus accomplishing the task was much easier faster... This study identifies and analyzes the factors involved of incorrect decisions individual each... And do not directly work with National History Day Self-Questioning survey about 1/3 of my students would compete individually the... 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Nebraska-Lincoln as a reviewer to help you solve problems, answer questions, and capability development [ 49.. It was often difficult for students to reflect on their suggestions, the is. Pinned project card or from the final set of factors is summarized in Table.. That influences group bidding decision-making for construction projects learning about themselves, they would listen me. Every project is classic risk-based decision-making that is the question a month to me... Year, students work in teams on their group members [ 27 ] group Id for a specific project in... Select the critical factors interests and staff personal interests students needed to meet and the new group to absorb mistakes., no matter how the seeds are chosen [ 66–68 ] factors identified in this research are also of... It solo ; that is the case when the project in the interviews, studies. Of knowing how to work in a group, and organizational structure [ 43 44. 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College campus culture factors are identified through a thorough literature review and comprises two stages with me three... Each individual in a team have their own strengths and weaknesses of them Niles II project Coordinator Senior. Were removed, resulting in 203 responses finally used for data collection more emphasis on individual!
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