The Second New Deal focused on the next two R’s which are Reform and Relief. (2). 0 0. In that time, the program provided employment relief to over eight million Americans, or approximately 20 percent of the country’s workforce. Roosevelt, however, blamed the downturn on his decision to significantly curtail federal government spending in job relief programs such as the WPA. (credit: Works Progress Administration). A more direct political threat to Roosevelt came from muckraker Upton Sinclair, who pursued the California governorship in 1934 through a campaign based upon criticism of the New Deal’s shortcomings. However, despite these efforts, Roosevelt also understood the precariousness of his political position. Eleanor was so active in her public appearances that, by 1940, she began holding regular press conferences to answer reporters’ questions. It is a dream and an ideal in whose ultimate realization we have a deep and abiding faith. The legacy of the New Deal is in part seen in the vast increase in national power: The federal government accepted responsibility for the nation’s economic stability and prosperity. Roosevelt became president on March 4, 1933 and immediately instituted the first New Deal. Second New Deal. Relief was aimed at providing temporary help to suffering and unemployed Americans.-Examples: 1. This was a comprehensive group of short-term recovery … A strong supporter of her husband’s political ambitions, Eleanor campaigned by his side through the failed vice-presidential bid in 1920 and on his behalf after he was diagnosed with polio in 1921. The latest ones are on Dec 14, 2020 This would have allowed him to add six more justices, expanding the bench from nine to fifteen. The Fair Labor Standards Act established a federal minimum wage—at the time, forty cents per hour—a maximum workweek of forty hours (with an opportunity for four additional hours of work at overtime wages), and prohibited child labor for those under age sixteen. Critics point out that not all Americans benefited from the New Deal. 11/6/2017 Review Test … They found that both the AAA and the NIRA overreached federal authority. At the time, Roosevelt's reforms were met with criticism from some quarters and praise from others; in retrospect, the New Deal was a major event in American history. Roosevelt recognized that some of the criticisms of the New Deal were valid. Most notably, he became the first president to publicly speak against lynching as a “vile form of collective murder.”. To meet this threat, Roosevelt asked Congress to pass additional New Deal legislation—sometimes called the “Second New Deal”—in 1935. This belief was well in line with the gender norms of the day. However, Eleanor Roosevelt, more so than any other individual, came to represent the strongest influence upon the president; and she used her unique position to champion several causes for women, African Americans, and the rural poor. Reeling after the Supreme Court struck down two key pieces of New Deal legislation, the AAA and NIRA, Roosevelt pushed Congress to pass a new wave of bills to provide jobs, banking reforms, and a social safety net. Most notably, he became the first president to publicly speak against lynching as a “vile form of collective murder.”. Whereas the policies of the first hundred days may have shored up public confidence and stopped the most drastic of the problems, the second hundred days changed the face of America for the next sixty years. Despite the subsequent failure of the Senate to pass such legislation, Eleanor succeeded in arranging a meeting between her husband and then-NAACP president Walter White to discuss anti-lynching and other pertinent calls for civil rights legislation. It created the Social Security Administration (SSA), later called the FSA. The second New Deal mainly emphasized social justice. As the sense of immediate crisis eased, new demands emerged. Adding to Roosevelt’s challenges, the Supreme Court struck down several key elements of the First New Deal, angering Roosevelt and spurring him to try and stack the courts in his second term. Get your answers by asking now. http://openstaxcollege.org/textbooks/us-history, Established minimum wage and forty-hour workweek, Provides poor farmers with education and economic support programs, Insures crops and livestock against loss of revenue, Recognized right of workers to unionize & collectively bargain, Part-time employment for college and high school students, Provides food to the poor (still exists in Food Stamps program), Jobs program (including artists and youth), Identify key pieces of legislation from the Second New Deal, Assess the entire New Deal, especially in terms of its impact on women, African Americans, and Native Americans. However, the severe economic conditions of the depression quickly convinced the president of the importance of government spending to create jobs and relief for the American people. The negation of some of his most ambitious economic recovery efforts frustrated Roosevelt greatly, but he was powerless to stop it at this juncture. For women, Roosevelt’s policies and practices had a similarly mixed effect. Long-range goals of permanent recovery and the reform of institutional abuses and practices that had produced the Depression came as part of the Second New Deal, from November 1933 to 1939. Never again during his presidency would the Supreme Court strike down any significant elements of his New Deal. But no sooner did Roosevelt cut spending when a recession hit. Townsend, who was a retired dentist, proposed an expansive pension plan for the elderly. By the close of the CCC in 1938, this program had employed over 300,000 African Americans, increasing the black percentage of its workforce from 3 percent at the outset to nearly 11 percent at its close. Summary and Definition: The Second New Deal Programs were launched in reaction to political opposition to FDR's New Deal from Congress, the Supreme Court, various political factions and criticism from the public. New Deal Fact 16: The Second New Deal Programs focused on social reform together with policies to speed up the nation's recovery. Roosevelt used previously unheard of levels of government power in his attempt to push the country out of the Great Depression, as artist Joseph Parrish depicts here in this 1937 Chicago Tribune cartoon. Ours were economic issues and we found the women ready to listen.”. Challenges from Critics on All Sides Figure 9-1: Oliver twist by Joseph L. Parrish is in the Public Domain . The Townsend Plan, as it was known, gained a great deal of popularity: It recommended paying every citizen over sixty who retired from work the sum of $200 per month, provided they spend it in thirty days. Ask Question + 100. While the First New Deal focused largely on stemming the immediate suffering of the American people, the Second New Deal put in place legislation that changed America’s social safety net for good. However, after the "First Hundred Days" a division was revealed throughout the nation. He was a “radio priest” from Michigan who, although he initially supported the New Deal, subsequently argued that Roosevelt stopped far too short in his defense of labor, monetary reform, and the nationalization of key industries. Additionally, the project funded the collection of oral histories, including those of former slaves, which provided a valuable addition to the nation’s understanding of slave life. In 1935, the U.S. Supreme Court dealt the most crushing blow to Roosevelt’s vision, striking down several key pieces of the New Deal as unconstitutional. c. focused on economic relief. Some believe the fear of increased taxes forced factory owners to curtail planned expansion; others blame the Federal Reserve for tightening the nation’s money supply. White was only one of Eleanor’s African American guests to the White House. Here she visits a WPA nursery school in Des Moines, Iowa, on June 8, 1936. The key measures of the Second New Deal were the Social Security Act, the Works Progress Administration (WPA), and the Wagner Act. However, despite these efforts, Roosevelt also understood the precariousness of his political position. As part of the larger WPA, she also influenced employment programs in the arts and public work sectors, and routinely had the president’s ear on matters related to racial justice. However, Eleanor Roosevelt (Figure 9-2), more so than any other individual, came to represent the strongest influence upon the president; and she used her unique position to champion several causes for women, African Americans, and the rural poor). Almost one-third of those funds were invested in a new relief agency, the Works Progress Administration (WPA). While they did not take part in construction projects, these women did undertake sewing projects to provide blankets and clothing to hospitals and relief agencies. The WPA funded the construction of more than 2,500 hospitals, 5,900 schools, 570,000 miles of road, and more. Breaking with precedent, and much to the disdain of many White House officials, the first lady routinely invited prominent African Americans to dine with her and the president. African Americans in particular were left out, with overt discrimination in hiring practices within the federal job programs, such as the CCC, CWA, and WPA. Still, Roosevelt’s programs also had their critics. If he had not been assassinated by the son-in-law of a local political rival, he may well have been a contender against Roosevelt for the 1936 presidential nomination. The jobs programs employed over eight million people and, while systematic discrimination hurt both women and African American workers, these programs were still successful in getting people back to work. Roosevelt won his second term in a landslide, but that did not mean he was immune to criticism. (A) It contained a greater number of social welfare benefi ts. Another figure who gained national attention was Father Charles Coughlin. The New Deal not only established minimum standards for wages, working conditions, and overall welfare, it also allowed millions of Americans to hold onto their homes, farms, and savings. Although he was still reeling from the Supreme Court’s invalidation of key statutes, he decided to face his re-election bid in 1936 by unveiling another wave of legislation that he dubbed the Second New Deal. Despite such failures, however, Roosevelt deserves credit for acknowledging the importance of race relations and civil rights. The last major piece of New Deal legislation that Roosevelt passed was the Fair Labor Standards Act, which set a minimum wage, established a maximum-hour workweek, and forbade child labor. These were the immediate goals of the Hundred Days Congress , which met March 9-June 6, 1933. Rather than encouraging assimilation, the new act promoted Indians’ development of local self-government and the preservation of Indian artifacts and heritage. The WPA eventually employed 350,000 African Americans annually, accounting for nearly 15 percent of its workforce. In the first week of June 1935, Roosevelt called congressional leaders into the White House and gave them a list of “must-pass” legislation that he wanted before they adjourned for the summer. Believing it to be his moment of strongest public support, Roosevelt chose to exact a measure of revenge against the U.S. Supreme Court for challenging his programs and to pressure them against challenging his more recent Second New Deal provisions. Despite his questionable math, which numerous economists quickly pointed out rendered his program unworkable, by 1935, Long had a significant following of over four million people. The Social Security Act established programs intended to help the most vulnerable: the elderly, the unemployed, the disabled, and the young. Most Popular Sites That List The Second New Deal Focused On. Another influential advisor to President Franklin Roosevelt was Frances Perkins (b), who, as U.S. Secretary of Labor, graced the cover of Time magazine on August 14, 1933. Production, wages, and profits had all returned to pre-1929 levels, while unemployment was at its lowest rate in the decade, down from 25 percent to 14 percent. Additionally, among several important WPA projects, the Federal One Project included a literacy program that eventually reached over one million African American children, helping them learn how to read and write. Meanwhile, others felt that Roosevelt had not done enough. Although Sinclair lost the election to his Republican opponent, he did draw local and national attention to several of his ideas. In 1932, he became a member of the U.S. Senate and would have been a serious rival for Roosevelt in the 1936 presidential election if his life had not been cut short by an assassin’s bullet. It is usually dated 1935-36 and includes … However, the severe economic conditions of the depression quickly convinced the president of the importance of government spending to create jobs and relief for the American people. Roosevelt entered the 1936 presidential election on a wave of popularity, and he beat Republican opponent Alf Landon by a nearly unanimous Electoral College vote of 523 to 8. His critics came from both the left and the right, with conservatives deeply concerned over his expansion of government spending and power, and liberals angered that he had not done more to help those still struggling. The “First” New Deal The “Second” New Deal. What impact did the New Deal have ultimately on race relations. Here my race has been afforded [the] opportunity to advance from a people 80 percent illiterate to a people 80 percent literate; from abject poverty to the ownership and operation of a million farms and 750,000 homes; from total disfranchisement to participation in government; from the status of chattels to recognized contributors to the American culture. Despite the subsequent failure of the Senate to pass such legislation, Eleanor succeeded in arranging a meeting between her husband and then-NAACP president Walter White to discuss anti-lynching and other pertinent calls for civil rights legislation. His disapproval of Roosevelt came in part from his own ambitions for higher office; Long stated that the president was not doing enough to help people and proposed his own Share Our Wealth program. The Second New Deal (1935-38), with the second one more liberal than the first and more controversial. Question 27 The sit-down strike was: The correct answer is: part of the successful strategy that organized the auto industry. She married Franklin Roosevelt, who was her fifth cousin, in 1905 and subsequently had six children, one of whom died at only seven months old. Before 1935 the New Deal focused on revitalizing the country’s stricken business and agricultural communities. Never again during his presidency would the Supreme Court strike down any significant elements of his New Deal. Mill died in 1873 and would never had a chance to talk to Franklin D. Roosevelt. Her work as a member of President Franklin Roosevelt’s unofficial “Black Cabinet” as well as the Director of the Division of Negro Affairs for the NYA, presented her an opportunity to advance African American causes on all fronts—but especially in the area of black literacy. The New Deal state that embraced its responsibility for the citizens’ welfare and proved willing to use its power and resources to spread the nation’s prosperity lasted well into the 1980s, and many of its tenets persist today. (D) It repealed most of the acts passed under the First New Deal. While critics on the left felt that he had not done enough, critics on the right felt that his use of power was frighteningly close to fascism and socialism. This photo of Eleanor Roosevelt and Mary McLeod Bethune (second from left) was taken at the opening of Midway Hall, a federal building to house female African American government workers. This law formally abandoned the assimilationist policies set forth in the Dawes Severalty Act of 1887. The subsequent retirement of Justice Van Devanter from the court, as well as the sudden death of Senator Joe T. Robinson, who championed Roosevelt’s plan before the Senate, all but signaled Roosevelt’s defeat. The Banking Act of 1935 was the most far-reaching revision of banking laws since the creation of the Federal Reserve System in 1914. Two million Americans were newly out of work as unemployment quickly rose by 5 percent and industrial production declined by a third. They produced state murals, guidebooks, concerts, and drama performances all around the country. The various programs that made up the Second New Deal are listed in the table below. Favorite Answer. The second major period began in roughly 1830 when the government began to help farmers grow more crops. 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