They are the symptoms of social maladjustment. (iv) Change in the Role and Status of the Individuals: In an organised society the roles and status of people are defined and fixed. However, before we study social disorganisation, it would be fruitful to study social order as its study is helpful in understanding the nature of social disorganisation. Many people fail to internalize a coherent system of values and behaviour controls. Mabel, A. Elliot and Francis E. Merrill have pointed out that social disorganisation may be of three types i.e., disorganisation of the individual, the family, and community. No consideration is given to the power which some men have to determine or influence the manner in which others will take account of their own wishes. It may also be noted that in modern societies, whereas the epidemic diseases have been brought under control, other physical disabilities, circulatory disorders, cancer and various degenerative conditions have become more common. In the same society too what is regarded a problem today may not be so regarded tomorrow because of change of conditions and attitudes. In a highly differentiated society, there could be no consensus based on detailed moral rules and the acceptance of total system of ideas. Thus, there are always individuals who are ready to deviate and they are large in number when circumstances encourage this, (b) The second possible cause of the disorder and change occurs when there is a clash of values due to contact between different societies and when new values emerge which are incompatible with the old. Changes in the ideal of marriage have served to vary its functions. The changes in social values come into conflict with old values. It has also contributed to unemployment, crime, immorality, family disorganisation, urbanisation and its evils. This theory has been strongly supported as an explanatory theory by Comte and Parsons. This trend has set in a dangerous process of social disorganisation. These are the tribal societies which have been termed as ‘stateless’ or ‘acephalous’. Under the impact of individualism every person thinks upon all the important matters of life from his individual viewpoint. Walter C. Reckless remarked that criminology may be forced to abandon the hopeless search for general causes of crime and be satisfied with establishing the relative importance of certain conditions associated with criminal behaviour. In case coercion is necessary, though not sufficient, for the maintenance of social order, then it would appear to be true that the weakening of coercive power is a sufficient condition for occurrence of social disorder or change. Sampson (1986) indicates that social disorganization may have an effect on youth violence through its effects on family structures and stability. Among the several causes no priority can be ranked. They enjoy the status in accordance with their role in society. There is much confusion of mores in our society and so we are passing through a state of social disorganisation. According to Lundberg and others, interferences with communication among the members of a community produce deviant behaviour. Classic Social Disorganization Theory Classic Social Disorganization theory was developed by two researchers. Thus P.A. Found mostly in inner-city areas. In ancient India caste system was no problem. He divided the sociological symptoms into three classes: individual, family, and community. Slavery in America would have never become a social problem had it not been challenged. With the passage of time, these mores and institution become obsolete. They work in offices. (ii) Transfer of Functions from one Group to Another: In an organised society the functions of different groups are defined and predetermined. When the relations become disordered or disintegrated there is social disorganisation. The origin of social problems lies not in a single cause but in many causes which cannot be put under a single theory. 2. They face one another with hostility and suspicion. In an organised society social relations have some patterns and mechanisms. However, this may be true in some complex civilizations but not in case of the simple societies. In the 1942, two criminology researchers from the “Chicago School” of criminology, Clifford Shaw and Henry D. McKay developed social disorganization theory through their research. Psychological factors contribute to disorganisation in two ways: (i) Fail­ure to maintain proper communication among fellow beings, and (ii) Failure to modify or change one’s attitudes in tune with the demands of time. He recognized that the division of labour prompted differences and conflicts. When the various parts of society are properly adjusted, we have social order and a well organised society, but when they fail to adjust themselves to the changing conditions, the result is social disequilibrium or disorganisation leading to social problems. Social problems cause dissatisfaction, suffering and misery. The theory asserts that if social order exists, it provides the conditions for its own continuation. Lombroso, the father of modern criminology, was of the view that the criminal behaviour is inborn and is primarily a biological phenomenon. This view point emphasizes that men cannot achieve their objectives without the co-operation or at least the dependability of others. The theory of social disorganization states a person’s physical and social environments are primarily responsible for the behavioral choices that a person makes. Calvin F Schmid listed the following symptoms of disorganised communities: high rate of population mobility, high rates of divorce, desertion, illegitimacy, dependency, delinquency and criminality, a disproportionately high rate of males, a low rate of home ownership, high rates of suicides, commercialized vice and death from disease and alcoholism. (e) Social order also entails persistence. The Traditional social values in Indian society have undergone a major change. Queen, Bodenhafer and Harper included in their list of social disorganisation, unemployment, poverty, sickness, homelessness, insanity, and feeble-mindedness. In a more significant sense, the theory states that underlying the acceptance of some common rules is the commitment to certain broad principles concerning the desirability of these rules. This change in the roles of women has caused family disorganisation. Main research was a book named “Juvenile Delinquency in … Social Pathology » At the end, it may be said that social disorganisation is a process prevailing all over the world. There are two main defects of this theory: (a) The first defect has been expressed by Emile Durkheim and latter Talcott Parsons. Emile Durkheim defined social disorganisation as “a state of disequilibrium and a lack of social solidarity or consensus among the members of a society.” W.I. By Staff Writer Last Updated Mar 25, 2020 2:37:05 AM ET Family disorganization can be caused by parental overburdening, loss of significant others who served as role models for children and loss of support systems for family members. According to Mowever, social disorganization is “the process by which the relationships between members of a group are shaken.” Stuart A. He pointed out that the differences also provided a new moral conception of interdependence. The social organism is always undergoing a change necessitating adjustment of its different parts. Sampson and Groves traced social disorganization to conditions that were common and widespread to the urban areas that were the only places the newly arriving poor could afford to live in, in particular, a high rate of turnover in the population which caused residential instability and a wide mix of people from different cultural backgrounds (ethnic diversity). The defect is that the theory does not explain the derivation of interests. In such conditions, social change may also take place. This awareness can be known when the people begin to say that “something ought to be done” to remove the situation. Social disorganization theory is the theory that crime rates are linked to ecological characteristics. As discussed earlier each individual within a group have status and roles associated with it if he/she has failed to perform those responsibilities it will result in social disorganization. There is continuity between Durkheim’s concern for organic solidarity in societies that are changing rapidly and the social disorganization approach of Shaw and McKay (1969). This theory explains order in its various aspects and also explains the breakdown of social order and the occurrence of change. When these elements grow more numerous their disorganised character becomes more apparent than others. Every social problem implies three things. As a result a major conflict between the old and new values has been created. The connection between corrupt political machines and social disorganization will be explained. In America the Report of the President’s Committee on Recent Social Trends attributed social problems chiefly to inadequacies in physical heritage, biological heritage, social heritage and social policy. They argued that social disorganization theory was aided in recent research by addressing it as more of a systemic model that included both intra- and extra-neighborhood factors. According to R.E.L. The theory directly links crime rates to neighbourhood ecological characteristics; a core principle of social disorganization theory that states location matters. Throughout its history, social disorganization theory has been one of the most widely applied ecological theories of criminal offending. Herbert A. Bloch divided the symptoms of social disorganisation into two categories: (2) The literary-ideological. Harold A. Phelps classified them under four categories corresponding to the four major sources, i.e., economic, biological, bio-psychological and cultural. He suggested that traditional social disorganization variables may influence community crime rates when taking into account the effects of levels of family disruption. Parsons held that the incomplete adjustment of man to material resources is responsible for his problems, whereas A. The social environment may thus impose requirements on man which he finds most difficult to fulfill. A situation or circumstance may cause one person to turn to criminally but may not affect another similarly. The ethnographic facts of such societies appear to refute the argument that coercion is a necessary condition for social order. Some sociologists have made an attempt to classify social problems. Commitment to values enables men to devise means for reconciling or adjusting conflicting interests and for turning coercive force into legitimate authority. 2. Some elements or the other of disorganisation are to be found in every society. 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