yuan dynasty definition

Against that radical new direction of the native Chinese in pictorial art, there was a conservative revival of Buddhist art (painting and sculpture), which was sponsored by the Mongols as part of their effort to establish authority over the Chinese. Octagonal Ping vase, blue-and-white porcelain, from Baoding, Yuan (Mongol) dynasty, China. Look it up now! HSK. Mongol dynasty, Yuan. Rather than being a solely racially-motivated policy, though, Kublai and his successors were most concerned with controlling their subjects, making it easier to identify who was who and ensuring there were no rebellions; Chinese were forbidden to carry weapons and congregate in public, for example. Etymology: From 元. Yuan (ProperNoun) The imperial dynasty of China from 1279 to 1368. The Yuan Dynasty, ruled by Kublai from 1279, was the first foreign-led dynasty in ancient China. They continued to maintain their separateness from the native population and utilized foreigners, such as the European traveler Marco Polo, to staff the government bureaucracy. Last modified October 29, 2019. Please support Ancient History Encyclopedia Foundation. Yuan Dynasty Bank Note & Plateby PHGCOM (CC BY-SA). Wiktionary (0.00 / 0 votes) Rate this definition: yuan (Noun) The basic unit of money in China. Foreign trade flourished under the Yuan dynasty. Invented just outside the beginning of the Yuan Dynasty, this script was used to create unification in the systems of writing for both the Chinese and the Mongolian languages. His special interests include pottery, architecture, world mythology and discovering the ideas that all civilizations share in common. Trade also brought a greater exchange of ideas and technologies such as Persian expertise in astronomical observations, maps, luxury textile weaving, and irrigation coming to China, and gunpowder weapons, printing, the mariner’s compass, and paper money to the west. This rivalry sometimes broke out into violence with one emperor being assassinated and another thrown out following a coup. The final consolidation came under Genghis’s grandson Kublai Khan (reigned 1260–94). The new literary genre attracted many men of letters, as well as large audiences. Nevertheless, the Mongols as a group, by forging an empire from the Black Sea to the Korean peninsula (even if it was now split into large khanates ruled by Genghis Khan’s descendants) had managed to expose China to a wider world. He holds an MA in Political Philosophy and is the Publishing Director at AHE. Kublai's empire was the first to use paper money as the main currency. The counterpart in the Mongolian language was Dai Ön Ulus, also rendered as Ikh Yuan Üls or Yekhe Yuan Ulus. The Yuan rulers had not helped themselves by squabbling over power, creating an overblown bureaucracy, and wasting revenue and land resources on a few favoured princes and generals. Web. Ultimately, the empress dowager and her young son Emperor Gongzong (r. 1274-5 CE) surrendered along with their capital Lin’an on 28 March 1276 CE. Groups of loyalists fought on for three more years, installing two more young emperors in the process (Duanzong and Dibing), but the Mongols swept all before them. Cite This Work I’ll focus on its most common styles here instead. The Mongol dynasty, which had been renamed the Yuan in 1271, proceeded to set up a Chinese-style administration that featured a centralized bureaucracy, political subdivisions, and a rationalized taxation system. Our latest articles delivered to your inbox, once a week: Our mission is to engage people with cultural heritage and to improve history education worldwide. The four official Yuan ranks, based on perceived loyalty to the Yuan rulers, were: Being a member of one of the above four classes had repercussions for an individual's tax status, their treatment by the judicial system and their eligibility for positions in the state administration (there was a 25% capped quota for southern Chinese, for example). | Meaning, pronunciation, translations and examples Genghis began encroaching on the Jin dynasty in northern China in 1211 and finally took the Jin capital of Yanjing (or Daxing; present-day Beijing) in 1215. The Yuan (Mongol) Empire (c. 1300), showing the extent reached under Kublai Khan. For this reason, it would take eleven long years for Kublai to pick off his targets one by one and finally batter the Song into submission. The Troubled Empire: China in the Yuan and Ming Dynasties, Creative Commons Attribution-NonCommercial-ShareAlike. The Yuan Dynasty (Chinese: 元 朝, p Yuán Cháo; Mongolian: Их Юань улс [2]) was the branch of Mongol Borjigin dynasty established by Kublai Khan. The Yuan Dynasty was established by the Mongols and ruled China from 1271 to 1368 CE. Islam also spread further to the east as merchants crisscrossed Asia. The latter art form, which included puppet theatre as well as live actors, boomed under the Yuan because of its visual appeal and striking stories; the Mongols, unable to speak Chinese, had little time for prose and poetry. 2. Such experiments first appeared among rising states in northern…, Genghis Khan rose to supremacy over the Mongol tribes in the steppe in 1206, and within a few years he attempted to conquer northern China. Based on WordNet 3.0, Farlex clipart collection. For the next six decades the Mongols continued to extend their control over the north and then turned their attention to southern China, which they completed conquering with the defeat of the Nan (Southern) Song dynasty in 1279. by Metropolitan Museum of Art (Copyright). The Mongol regional official known as the jarquchi was appointed to Chinese territories, and these and representatives of the various Mongol clans made up a local government for each province. There was also the matter that Mongol rulers legitimised their position through conquest and the distribution of booty to their followers to ensure loyalty and continued service. By securing in 1209 the allegiance of the Tangut state of…, The Mongols were ferocious fighters but inept administrators. A number of books were ordered by the Emperor using the script and there were several cultural events sponsored by the Emperor that emphasized poetry and painting during this period of time. Mongol Empire Under Kublai Khanby Arienne King (CC BY-NC-SA). In Mongolian, Dai Ön (Middle Mongoltransliteration of Chinese "Dà Yuán") was … (yo͞o-än′, yü-) A Chinese dynasty (1279-1368) established by the Mongolian ruler Kublai Khan with its capital at present-day Beijing. © 2003-2012 Princeton University, Farlex Inc. Yuan definition: The yuan is the unit of money that is used in the People's Republic of China. Click card to see definition Dynasty in China set up by the Mongols under the leadership of Kublai Khan, replaced the Song (1279-1368) -change to bureaucracy to the "best of best" get the job; tried to keep Chinese from having any political power In addition to a renewed emphasis on traditional craft arts (silver, lacquer, and other materials), there were important developments in ceramics. The Yuan Dynasty was amazing for its size, humble beginnings, paper money, largest armadas, technology, monumental over-spending, and huge natural disasters. [3] The Ancient History Encyclopedia logo is a registered EU trademark. On his return home, Marco wrote of his experiences in his book The Travels of Marco Polo, first circulated c. 1298 CE. Further, despite the obvious discrimination, southerners kept their classical Chinese culture very much alive through private meetings and the arts, often producing paintings, poetry and plays which conveyed within them subtle protests against the Yuan regime. License. It was used in the imperial court until the end of the Yuan Dynasty. It was superseded by the Ming dynasty. To facilitate the employment of these aliens, the civil service examinations were suspended for a number of years. Some Rights Reserved (2009-2020) under Creative Commons Attribution-NonCommercial-ShareAlike license unless otherwise noted. Ancient History Encyclopedia. Ancient History Encyclopedia. Artists such as Zhao Mengfu and the Four Masters of the Yuan dynasty (Huang Gongwang, Ni Zan, Wang Meng, and Wu Zhen) thus firmly fixed the ideal of “literati painting” (wenrenhua), which valued erudition and personal expression above elegant surface or mere representation. The Yuan dynasty is considered both a successor to the Mongol Empire and an imperial Chinese dynasty. Zhu was left the most powerful leader in China, and, after taking Beijing, the last Yuan emperor of a unified China, Toghon Temur (r. 1333-1368 CE), fled to Mongolia and the old, now largely abandoned capital Karakorum. Mark is a history writer based in Italy. The Yuan dynasty was the ruling dynasty of China established by Kublai Khan, leader of the Mongolian Borjigin clan. Let us know if you have suggestions to improve this article (requires login). At least traditional religions were permitted to continue as long as they did not threaten the state, although Buddhism was generally favoured over the traditional Chinese Confucianism. In addition, many southern Chinese, especially the intellectual class, clung on to their traditions, some even refusing to acknowledge the very existence of their Mongol masters and retiring to pursue the arts. There followed widespread banditry and uprisings by an overtaxed peasantry. Punishments were a particularly striking area of difference with, for example, a Mongol found guilty of murder only having to pay a fine while a southern Chinese convicted of mere theft was fined and then tattooed as a criminal. Kublai abolished the civil service examinations which would have favoured Chinese officials with their Confucian education (they were reinstated in 1313 CE but Mongols still received advantages). The famous Italian traveler, Marco Polo, visited China during the Yuan D… The Yuan Dynasty was preceded by the Song Dynasty from 960 to 1279 and followed by the Ming which lasted from 1368 to 1644. The peoples of the Mongol Empire (1206-1368 CE) were nomadic, and... Zhu Yuanzhang, leader of the rebel Red Turbans Movement and future Ming. Yuan definition is - the basic monetary unit of the People's Republic of China. During the Yuan, however, artists—especially those native Chinese who steadfastly refused to serve their conquerors—had to seek inspiration within themselves and their traditions. Due to the open policy implemented by the Yuan rulers, a great many advanced science and technology innovations were introduced to China. Worse, some of the local elites and provincial administrators in southern China were colluding with the bandits, smugglers and even religious leaders to take over entire towns. Zhu would take the reign name of Hongwu Emperor (meaning ‘abundantly marital’) and the dynasty he founded Ming (meaning ‘bright’ or ‘light’). Get exclusive access to content from our 1768 First Edition with your subscription. The social structure between the Yuan and the Chinese was always contentious, based on an 'us and them' mentality, that played a large role in the brevity of the Yuan Dynasty. The system had states pay symbolic and material tribute to China’s dominant position as the centre of the known world, the ‘Middle Kingdom.’ Not only was it a means to further legitimise his position as Chinese emperor but it could also bring in useful material goods and help expand international trade. A new kind of literature form called Yuan drama was rather prosperous during that period. ... Dadu, capital of China during the Yuan Dynasty (1280-1368), modern day Beijing . Kublai ensured that Mongols always gained an advantage in China by officially classing them as superior in rank to Chinese. Cartwright, Mark. Yuan: 1 n the imperial dynasty of China from 1279 to 1368 Synonyms: Mongol dynasty , Yuan dynasty Type of: dynasty a sequence of powerful leaders in the same family English Definition Traditional. Yuan dynasty - the imperial dynasty of China from 1279 to 1368. Books Yuan was the first dynasty to make Beijing (called Dadu by the Yuan) its capital, moving it there from Karakorum (now in Mongolia) in 1267. Although many Chinese officials continued to work as before, they were subject to random and secret inspections by Mongol-trusted censors. Differences in treatment included northern Chinese being taxed by household while southern Chinese had to pay according to the area of land they owned. The real power, though, remained in Mongol hands as key administrative positions in the newly created 12 semi-autonomous provinces that China and northern Korea (annexed in 1270 CE) was now divided into largely went to Mongols, especially to members of the very large Mongol imperial bodyguard. "Dà Yuán" (大元) is from the clause "大哉乾元" (pinyin: dà zāi Qián Yuán; lit. By the mid-14th century CE, the Yuan rulers had been beset by a devastating combination of unusually cold winters, famines, plagues, and flooding of the Yellow River which all combined to bring hyper-inflation when the government tried to solve the problems of a damaged infrastructure by printing too much paper money. It was the first time that country had been unified since the 9th century CE, not that this was much consolation to the countless dead, robbed and displaced across China. Under Yuan rule the regional music drama that had gone two separate ways during the Song dynasty was intermixed as yuanqu, or “Yuan drama.” Popular song styles became freer than before, and several forms of dancing and acrobatics were added to popular entertainment. Ancient History Encyclopedia. Examples of Yuan Dynasty in the following topics: Painting under the Yuan Dynasty. Alone amongst the many rebel leaders of the period, Zhu understood that to establish a stable government he needed administrators not just warriors out for loot. Ancient History Encyclopedia Foundation is a non-profit organization. The traditional Han ethnic people stayed at the bottom among the four-class system during the reign of the Mongols. Notice that since Yuan Dynasty as part of Mongol Empire was also an ethnically and religiously diverse country, its clothing was of various kinds, as well. Beginning with Kublai, Mongol rulers made some superficial attempts to appeal to their new Chinese subjects by adopting such traditions as emperor’s robes, travelling in a sedan chair and surrounding themselves with Confucian advisors. Of more concrete benefit to the Mongols and Chinese than world fame, the Yuan did promote international trade, too. Unlike other rulers of China, the Mongols were never totally Sinicized, which proved to be an important factor in their downfall. Kublai never gave up on Japan, though, and continued to send unsuccessful diplomatic missions to persuade the country to join the Chinese tribute system. Please select which sections you would like to print: Corrections? 1. 'Great is Qián, the Primal') in the Commentaries on the Classic of Changes section regarding the first hexagram Qián (乾). Chinese textiles, chinaware, lacquerware, and other items were exported. By signing up for this email, you are agreeing to news, offers, and information from Encyclopaedia Britannica. Zhu replaced the Red Turban’s traditional policy aim of reinstating the old Song Dynasty with his own personal ambitions to rule and gained wider support by ditching the anti-Confucian policies which had alienated the Chinese educated classes. Retrieved from https://www.ancient.eu/Yuan_Dynasty/. In 1271, Kublai Khan imposed the name Great Yuan (Chinese: 大元; pinyin: Dà Yuán; Wade–Giles: Ta-Yüan), establishing the Yuan dynasty. Together with the Tang poem and 'ci' poem in the Song Dynasty (960 - 1279), this drama was one of the outstanding Chinese literary heritages. The effect of these policies was to create a boom in crafts and trade, especially of silk and fine porcelain, the latter product now being supervised by a specific government agency, paving the way for the later Ming potters to gain worldwide fame of their own. Little known fact: China was not always ruled by the Chinese. Distrustful of the Chinese, they enlisted the services of many nationalities and employed non-Chinese aliens. We have also been recommended for educational use by the following publications: Ancient History Encyclopedia Foundation is a non-profit organization registered in Canada. Zhu Yuanzhang’s first major coup had been the capture of Nanjing in 1356 CE. The Song royals were taken prisoner to Kublai’s new capital at Beijing (Daidu). Kublai ensured that Mongols always gained an advantage in China by officially classing them as superior in rank to Chinese. Numerous educational institutions recommend us, including Oxford University and Michigan State University and University of Missouri. It seemed that conducting naval warfare overseas and the unfamiliar climate of Southeast Asia were insurmountable obstacles to Yuan expansion. Another significance of the Yuan Dynasty was the outstanding achievements in the natural sciences and technology. Like Japan, Southeast Asia was attacked in various land and naval campaigns but they also proved an elusive prize with invasions of Vietnam (1281 and 1286 CE), Burma (1277 and 1287 CE), and Java (1292 CE) achieving only limited success but at least gaining regular tribute from the Pagan kingdom in Burma and the Champa and Dai Viet kingdoms of Vietnam. 1) The Yuan Empire was founded by an illiterate nomad named Genghis Khan. Ink Painting of Groom & Horseby Metropolitan Museum of Art (Copyright). yuan definition at Chinese.Yabla.com, a free online dictionary with English, Mandarin Chinese, Pinyin, Strokes & Audio. Yuan China was disintegrating from within. 25 Dec 2020. Poetry emphasized sanqu (“nondramatic songs”), and vernacular fiction grew in popularity. Thesaurus AntonymsRelated WordsSynonymsLegend: Switch to new thesaurus. Meanwhile, Zhu declared himself the ruler of China in January 1368 CE. Please note that content linked from this page may have different licensing terms. The new law code introduced in 1270 CE, however, had only 135 capital crimes, half of those in the code used by the Song. In other parts of Asia, to the west, there was relative peace, the so-called Pax Mongolica, although there was a major rebellion in Tibet in the early 1290s CE, and the other descendants of Genghis Khan, especially the Ogedeids, continued to nibble at China’s western borders. Stability and peace within China brought a certain economic prosperity for some as Kublai and his successors promoted international trade which saw the now-unified country open up to the wider world. Merchants, not being producers but ‘exchangers,’ had been discriminated against under the Song, and these, too, now benefitted from more favourable tax measures, low-cost loans and the end of sumptuary regulations. See more. In official Chinese histories, the Yuan dynasty bore the Mandate of Heaven. 5. the imperial dynasty of China (1279-1368) established by Kubilai Khan; During this dynasty, the Silk Road became safer for travelers because it was monitered by patrols. Finally, on 19 March 1279 CE a great naval battle was won at Yaishan near modern-day Macao; the Mongol conquest of China was complete. 3. https://www.ancient.eu/Yuan_Dynasty/. The Yuan rebuilt the Grand Canal and put the roads and postal stations in good order, and their rule coincided with new cultural achievements including the development of the novel as a literary form. Of special merit was the first appearance of blue-and-white ware—consisting of white porcelain with blue underglaze—which was to become so popular in later periods and among Western collectors. Yuan Dynasty. While there was peace in the western part of the Mongol Empire, Kublai launched two unsuccessful invasions of Japan and several others elsewhere in South East Asia. This was especially so in regard to the west with contacts through Persia and, thanks to missionaries, ambassadors, and travellers like Marco Polo (1254-1324 CE), Europe. In the previous ages of the Tang (618–907) and Song (960–1279) dynasties, art had been encouraged by the state. Kublai was succeeded by his grandson Temur Oljeitu as Khan and emperor of China (r. 1295-1308 CE) who, continuing with the same institutions and many of the same officials appointed by his father, enjoyed a peaceful and successful reign. Yuan Dynasty The Yuan Dynasty was the empire established by Kublai Khan, leader of the Mongolian Borjigin clan, after he conquered Southern Song dynasties in China. This license lets others remix, tweak, and build upon this content non-commercially, as long as they credit the author and license their new creations under the identical terms. The emergence of the Mongol dynasty dates to 1206, when Genghis Khan was able to unify under his leadership all Mongols in the vast steppe lands north of China. The Yuan Dynasty was the ethnic-Mongolian dynasty that ruled China from 1279 to 1368 and founded in 1271 by Kublai Khan, the grandson of Genghis Khan. Updates? Yuan dynasty, Wade-Giles romanization Yüan, also called Mongol dynasty, dynasty established by Mongol nomads that ruled portions and eventually all of China from the early 13th century to 1368. These 10 top facts draw out the highlights. Cartwright, M. (2019, October 29). Related Content 4. For only $5 per month you can become a member and support our mission to engage people with cultural heritage and to improve history education worldwide. There then followed a long line of short-reigning rulers who struggled to balance the competing pro-Chinese and pro-Mongol traditionalists that divided the government at all levels. Kublai, then, embarked on a series of campaigns to bring China’s neighbours back to their former position of subservience to the emperor. The overland trade to Central Asia, the Middle East, and Persia was primarily dominated by Muslim merchants. This article was most recently revised and updated by, https://www.britannica.com/topic/Yuan-dynasty. There was also an emphasis on stark and simple forms (e.g., bamboo or rocks) and on calligraphy, often with long complementary inscriptions on the paintings themselves. Most importantly of all, they failed to quash numerous rebellions, including that perpetrated by a group known as the Red Turban Movement, an offshoot of the Buddhist White Lotus Movement, led by a peasant called Zhu Yuanzhang (1328-1398 CE). The Yuan Dynasty. "Yuan Dynasty." Dramatists—including at least a dozen prominent Sinicized Mongols—wrote romantic plays of four or five acts in vernacular, with several songs in each act. 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